 Books

Turow, J. and Kavanaugh, A. (Eds.) 2003. The Wired Homestead: An MIT Press Sourcebook on the Internet and the Family. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Cohill, A. and Kavanaugh, A. (Eds.) 1997, 2000 (revised edition). Community Networks: Lessons from Blacksburg, Virginia. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

Kavanaugh, A. 1998. The Social Control of Technology in North Africa: Information in the global economy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

 Articles in Refereed Journals

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Skandrani, H., and Sghaier, M. 2021. Media Use, Information Reliability and Political Efficacy in Tunisia, 2011-2019. Information Polity, 26(4), 521-547. DOI: 10.3233/ip-210329

Sandoval-Almazan, R., Kavanaugh, A., and Criado, J.I. (Guest Editors) 2021. Introduction to the Special Issue on Social Media and Government, Information Polity, 26(4), 333-339. DOI: 10.3233/IP-219012

Kavanaugh, A., Sandoval-Almazan, R. and Ubacht, J. (Guest Editors) 2020. Guest Editorial for Special Issue on the Use and Impact of Social Media on Government. Digital Government: Research and Practice, 1(2). New York, NY: ACM Press.

Luther, K., Kavanaugh, A., Thebault-Spieker, J. and Antin, J. (Guest Editors). 2020. Guest Editorial for Special Issue on Negotiating Truth and Trust in Socio-technical Systems, in ACM Transactions on Social Computing, 3 (1). New York, NY: ACM Press. DOI

Williams, C., Fedorowicz, J., Kavanaugh, A., Mentzer, K., Thatcher, J. and Xu, J. 2018. Leveraging Social Media to Achieve a Community Policing Agenda. Government Information Quarterly 35(2018): 210-222.

Sandoval-Almazan, R. and Kavanaugh, A. (Guest Editors) 2018. Guest Editorial for Special Issue on Social Media and Government. First Monday, 23(4). DOI

Kavanaugh, A. and Song, Z. (2018). Engaging a Community through Social Media-based Topics and Interactions. First Monday, 23(4), 18 pages. DOI

Kavanaugh, A. and Sandoval-Almazon, R. (Guest Editors). 2018. Special Issue on Social Media and Government, International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age, 5(1): vi-viii.

Sandoval-Almazon, R., Valle-Cruz, D. and Kavanaugh, A. 2018. The Diffusion of Social Media among State Governments in Mexico. International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age, 5(1): 63-81 DOI

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S. Skandrani, H., and Fox, E. 2017. Media Use by Young Tunisians during the 2011 Revolution vs 2014 Elections. Special Issue on Internet, Citizens and Public Policy. Information Polity 22(2 & 3): 137-158.

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Sandoval-Almazan, R., Tedesco, J., and Fox, E. 2016. Media Use during Conflicts: Information seeking and political efficacy during the 2012 Mexican elections. Special Issue on Smart Government. Government Information Quarterly, 33(3): 595-60.

Casalegno, F. and Kavanaugh, A. (Guest Editors) 2014. Special Issue on Geo-located Media: Reflections on Hybrid, Physical and Digital Spaces, Electronic Journal of Communication, 24(1 & 2). Available online.

Kavanaugh, A., Ahuja, A., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Tedesco, J., Madondo, K. and Krishnan, S. 2014. Encouraging Civic Participation through News Aggregation. Special Issue on Smart Government, Citizen Participation and Open Data. Information Polity, 19(1-2): 35-56.

Kavanaugh, A., Ahuja, A., Gad, S., Neidig, S., Perez-Quinonez, M., Ramakrishnan, N. and Tedesco, J. 2014. (Hyper)Local News Aggregation: Designing for Social Affordances. Government Information Quarterly, 31(1): 30-41.

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Hassan, R. Yang, S., Elmongui, H., Fox, E., Magdy, M. and Shoemaker, D. 2013. Between a Rock and a Cell Phone: Communication and Information Technology Use during the 2011 Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 5(1): 1-21.

Kavanaugh, A., Puckett, A. and Tatar, D. 2013. Scaffolding Technology for Low Literacy Groups: From mobile phone to desktop PC? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 29(4): 274-288.

Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E., Sheetz, S., Yang, S., Li, L.T., Shoemaker, D., Natsev, A. and Xie, L. 2012. Social Media Use by Government: From the routine to the critical. Special Issue on Social Media in Government. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4): 480-491.

Kim, B.J., Kavanaugh, A. and Hult, K. 2011. Civic Engagement and Internet Use in Local Governance: Hierarchical Linear Models for Understanding the Role of Local Community Groups, Administration & Society, 43(7): 807-835.

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Quek, F., and Kim, B.J. 2011. Cell Phone Use with Social Ties during Crises: The Case of the Virginia Tech Tragedy. International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 3(2): 18-32.

Sheetz, S., Kavanaugh, A., Quek, F., Kim, B.J., and Lu, S-C. (2010). The Expectation of Connectedness and Cell Phone Use in Crises. International Journal of Emergency Management, 7(2): 124-136.

Kavanaugh, A., Kim, B. J., Schmitz, J. and Pérez-Quiñones, M. 2008. Net Gains in Political Participation: Secondary effects of the Internet on community. Information, Communication and Society, 11(7): 933-963.

Kavanaugh, A., Zin, T.T., Rosson, M.B., Carroll, J.M., Schmitz, J. and Kim, B.J. 2008. Local Groups Online: Political learning and participation, Journal of Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 16 (September 2007): 375-395.

Kavanaugh, A. and Isenhour, P. 2007. Designing Technology for Local Citizen Deliberation. Journal of Community Informatics, 2007, Vol. 2 (2). (Reprinted in John M. Carroll (Ed.) 2009. Learning in Communities, pp. 21-23. Surrey, UK: Springer.)

Kavanaugh, A., Zin, T.T., Rosson, M.B., Carroll, J.M., Schmitz, J. and Kim, B. J. 2007. Local Groups Online: Political learning and participation. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 16 (September): 375-395.

Kim, B.J., Kavanaugh, A. and Hult, K. 2007. Local Community Groups and Internet Use. The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, 2(7), 207-222.

Kavanaugh, A. and Isenhour, P. 2006. Designing technology for local citizen deliberation. Journal of Community Informatics, 2(2).
http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/340/246

Kavanaugh, A., Carroll, J. M., Rosson, M. B., Zin, T. T., and Reese, D.D. 2005. Community networks: Where offline communities meet online. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(4), article 3.

Kavanaugh, A., Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., Reese, D.D. & Zin, T.T. 2005. Participating in civil society: The case of networked communities. Interacting with Computers, 17, 9-33.

Kavanaugh, A. Reese, D.D., Carroll, J.M., & Rosson, M.B. 2005. Weak ties in networked communities, The Information Society, 21(2), 119-131.
[reprinted from M. Huysman, E. Wenger & V. Wulf (Eds). 2003. Communities and Technologies. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 265-286.)

Kavanaugh, A. and Schmitz, J. 2004. Talking in Lists: The consequences of computer mediated communication on communities. Internet Research Annual, 1, 250-259.

Kavanaugh, A. & Patterson, S. 2001. Impact of community computer networks on social capital and community involvement. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3): 496-509.

Patterson, S., and Kavanaugh, A. 2001. Building a sustainable community network: An application of critical mass theory. Electronic Journal of Communication, 11(2). Available online.

Kavanaugh, A. 2000. Blacksburg: entrecroisement des réseaux sociaux et des réseaux informatiques. Sociétés: Revue des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, 68(2), special issue ‘Technoliens,’ 95-97.

Casalegno, F. and Kavanaugh, A. 1998. Le Discours Communautaire: Autour de la communaute et des reseaux de telecommunications. Special issue on ‘Techno-communautes’ in Sociétés: Revue des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, 59 (1): 63-77.

Patterson, S. and Kavanaugh, A. 1994. “Rural users’ expectations of the information superhighway.” Media Information Australia, 74 (November) 57-61.

Kavanaugh, A. 1986. Star WARCs and new systems: Analysis of U.S. international satellite policy formation. Telecommunications Policy (Summer): 93-105.

Kavanaugh, A. 1985. Who determined U.S. satellite policy? Journal of Communication (June): 70-71.

 Papers in Refereed Conference Proceedings

Kavanaugh, A., Song, Z., Li, L. and Fox, E.A. Too Small to Fail: Information sharing behavior in US municipal elections. In Proceedings of the 21s Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2020), virtual (June 15-18, 2020), New York: ACM Press.

Kavanaugh, A., Z. Song, L. Li, and E.A. Fox. Communication Behavior in an Emerging Democracy: Political expression via tweets during the 2014 Tunisian elections. In Proceedings of 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2019), New York: ACM Press.

Sheetz, S., Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E.A. Hassan, R., Yang, S., and Magdy, M. Information Uses and Gratifications Related to Crisis: Student Perceptions since the Egyptian Uprising, pp. 674-690. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference for Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2019), Valencia, Spain, (May 19-22, 2019).

Sheetz, S., Kavanaugh, A., Skandrani, H., Fox, E.A. Uses and Gratifications of Political Information: Student perceptions of information from the 2014 Tunisian elections. Conference on Deep Transformations and the Future of Organizations, 4th International Conference of the Interdisciplinary Laboratory of University-Business Management, University of Manouba, Tunisia (December 6-7, 2019).

Kavanaugh, A. and Song, Z. (2017). Reflecting Community through Archived Events and Social Interactions. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2017). Staten Island, New York (June 7-10, 2017), New York: ACM Press.

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S. Skandrani, H., Sun, Y., Tedesco, J. and Fox, E. (2016). The Use and Impact of Social Media during the 2011 Tunisian Revolution. In ACM Proceedings 17th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2016), Shanghai, China (June 7-10, 2016), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Kavanaugh, A. Tedesco, J. and Madondo, K. (2014). Social Media vs. Traditional Internet Use for Community Involvement: Toward broadening participation, pp. 1-12. In Tambouris, E., Macintosh, A. and Bannister, F. (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Vol. 8654, NY: Springer.

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Tedesco, J., Sandoval-Almazan, R., and Fox, E. (2014), Media Use during Conflicts: Information Seeking Gratifications and Efficacy during 2012 Mexican Elections. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2014), Aguascalientes, Mexico (June 18-20, 2014), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Kavanaugh, A., Ahuja, A., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Tedesco, J. and Madondo, K. 2013. Encouraging Civic Participation through News Aggregation. In Proceedings of the 14th International Annual Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2013), Quebec, Canada (June 17-19, 2013), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Codio, S., Kafura, D., Pérez-Quiñones, M., and Kavanaugh, A. and Gracanin, D. “Identifying Critical Factors of Community Privacy.” In Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT’12), Amsterdam, Netherlands, (September 3-5, 2012), IEEE Computer Society Press.

Gad, S., Hampton, K., Ramakrishnan, N., and Kavanaugh, A. Bridging the Divide in Democratic Engagement: Studying Conversation Patterns in Advantaged and Disadvantaged Communities, In IEEE Proceedings of the ASE International Conference on Social Informatics, Washington, DC (December 14-16, 2012), IEEE Computer Society Press.

Codio, S., Kafura, D., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Gracanin, D., and Kavanaugh, A. “A Case Study of Community Privacy.” In IEEE Proceedings of the ASE International Conference on Social Informatics, Washington, DC (December 14-16, 2012), IEEE Computer Society Press.

Kavanaugh, A., Neidig, S., Ahuja, A., Gad, S., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Ramakrishnan, N. and Tedesco, J. 2012. (Hyper)Local News Aggregation: Designing for Social Affordances. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2012), College Park, MD (June 4-7, 2012), New York, NY: ACM Press.
(Nominated Best IT Paper in 2012 by IT and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association.)

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Hassan, R. Yang, S., Elmongui, H., Fox, E., Magdy, M. and Shoemaker, D. 2012. Between a Rock and a Cell Phone: Communication and Information Technology Use during the Egyptian Uprising, In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), Vancouver, BC (April 22-25, 2012).

Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E., Sheetz, S., Yang, S., Li, L.T., Whalen, T., Shoemaker, D., Natsev, A., and Xie, L. 2011. Social Media Use by Government: From the routine to the critical. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2011), College Park, MD (June 12-15, 2011). New York, NY: ACM Press, 121-130.

Yang, S., Kavanaugh, A., Kozievitch, N.P., Li, L.T., Srinivasan, V., Sheetz, S.D., Whalen, T.,
Shoemaker, D. Torres, R.A., and Fox, E.A. CTRnet DL for Disaster Information Services. In
Proceedings of JCDL 2011, Ottawa, (June13-17, 2011), 437-438.

Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Quek, F. and Kim, B.J. 2010. Cell phone use with social ties during crises: The case of the Virginia Tech tragedy. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), (Seattle, Washington, May 2-5, 2010).

Chaube, V., Kavanaugh, A., and Perez-Quinones, M. 2010. Leveraging Social Networks to Embed Trust in Rideshare Programs: A Survey. In IEEE Proceedings of the 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-43). (Kauai, Hawaii, January 5-8, 2010) IEEE Computer Society Press.

Godara, J., Kavanaugh, A., and Isenhour, P. 2009. The Efficacy of Knowledge Sharing in Centralized and Self-Organizing Online Communities: Weblog Networks vs. Discussion Forums. In IEEE Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-42). (Kona, Hawaii, January 5-8, 2009) IEEE Computer Society Press.

Tauro, C., Ahuja, S. Pérez-Quiñones, M., Kavanaugh, A. and Isenhour, P. 2008. Deliberation in the Wild: A visualization tool for blog discovery and citizen-to-citizen participation. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Digital Government Research, pp. 143-152. (Montreal, Canada, May 18-21, 2008) New York, NY: ACM Press.

Kim, B. J., Kavanaugh, A., and Pérez-Quiñones, M. 2007. Toward a model of political participation among young adults: the role of local groups and ICT use. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV 2007), pp. 205-212. (Macao, China, December 10-13, 2007) New York, NY: ACM Press.

Kim, H. N., Kavanaugh, A. and Smith-Jackson, T. 2007. Implementation of Internet technology for local government: Design guidelines. In IEEE Proceedings of 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-40), pp. 1530-1605, (January 3-6, 2007), IEEE Computer Society Press.

Kavanaugh, A., Zin, T.T., Carroll, J.M., Schmitz, J., Pérez-Quiñones, M. and Isenhour, P. 2006. When opinion leaders blog: New forms of citizen interaction. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2006), pp.79-88 (San Diego, California, May 21-24, 2006), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Mike, A., Pérez-Quiñones, M. and Kavanaugh, A. (2006) A Functional Analysis of the Utilization of RSS by Local Government, First Monday Conference on Openness: Code, Science and Content (May 30, 2006). Available online at: http://blog.librarylaw.com/librarylaw/2006/05/wealth_of_open_.html

 Book Chapters (refereed or invited)

Kavanaugh, A. (2014, 2017). Physical versus Web-based Communities. In Reda Alhajj and Jon Rokne (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, New York, NY: Springer.

Kavanaugh, A. (2014, 2017). E-Government, pp 446-455. In Reda Alhajj and Jon Rokne (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, New York, NY: Springer.

Kavanaugh, A. (2012) Blacksburg Electronic Village, pp. 593-601. In W. Bainbridge (Ed.) Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kavanaugh, A., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Tedesco, J. and Sanders, W. (2010) Towards a Virtual Town Square in the Era of Web 2.0, pp. 279-294. In J. Hunsinger, L. Klastrup and M. Allen (Eds.) Handbook of Internet Research, NY: Springer.

Ahuja, S., Pérez-Quiñones, M.A., and Kavanaugh, A. 2009. Rethinking local conversations on the web, pp. 123-129. In T. Davies and S. Gangadharan (Eds.), Online Deliberation: Design, Research and Practice. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) Publications.

Kavanaugh, A. and Isenhour, P. 2009. Designing Technology for Local Citizen Deliberation. In John M. Carroll (Ed.), Learning in Communities, pp. 21-23. Surrey, UK: Springer. (Reprinted from Journal of Community Informatics, 2007, Vol. 2 (2).)

Kavanaugh, A., Zin, T.T., Rosson, M.B., Carroll, J.M., Schmitz, J. and Kim, B.J. 2008. Local Groups Online: Political learning and participation. In John M. Carroll (Ed.) Learning in Communities, Surrey, UK: Springer. Reprinted from Journal of Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 16 (September 2007): 375-395.

Kavanaugh, A., Kim, H.N., Pérez-Quiñones, M., and Isenhour, P. 2007. Models of local government blogging: Design trade-offs in civic engagement. In C. Steinfield, B. Pentland, M. Ackerman, and N. Contractor (Eds.) Communities and Technologies 2008, pp. 419-438, Surrey, UK: Springer.

Kavanaugh, A., Zin, T.T., Rosson, M.B., and Carroll, J.M. 2006. The impact of the Internet on local and distant social ties, pp. 217-236. In P. Purcell (Ed.) The Networked Neighborhood: The online community in context. Surrey, UK: Springer.

Kavanaugh, A., Isenhour, P., Cooper, M., Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., and Schmitz, J. 2005. Information technology in support of public deliberation, pp. 19-40. In P. van den Besselaar, G. de Michelis, J. Preece and C. Simone (Eds.). Communities and Technologies 2005, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., Kavanaugh, A., Dunlap, D., Schafer, W., Snook J. and Isenhour, P. 2006. Social and civic participation in a community network, pp. 516-561. In R. Kraut, M. Brynin & S. Kiesler. (Eds.) Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technologies. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kavanaugh, A. 2004. North African Information Networks, pp. 287-302. In G. Madden and R. Cooper (Eds.) M-Business, E- Commerce and the Impact of Broadband on Regional Development. Heidelberg: Physica Verlag.

Kavanaugh, A. Reese, D.D., Carroll, J.M., & Rosson, M.B. 2003. Weak Ties in Networked Communities, pp. 265-286. In M. Huysman, E. Wenger & V. Wulf (Eds). 2003. Communities and Technologies. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [reprinted 2005 in The Information Society 21 (2), 119-131.]

Kavanaugh, A. 2003. When Everyone is Wired: The Impact of the Internet on Families in Networked Communities, pp. 423-437. In J. Turow and A. Kavanaugh (eds.) The Wired Homestead: An MIT Press Sourcebook on the Internet and the Family. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kavanaugh, A. 2003. The Regulation of Internet Services in North Africa. In G. Madden and S. Savage (Eds.) World Telecommunications Markets: The International Handbook on Telecommunications Economics, Volume 3. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Kavanaugh, A. and Patterson, S. 2002. The Impact of Community Computer Networks on Social Capital and Community Involvement in Blacksburg, pp. 325-344. In B. Wellman & C. Haythornthwaite (Eds.) The Internet and Everyday Life. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Kavanaugh, A., Cohill, A. and Patterson, S. 2000. The Use and Impact of the Blacksburg Electronic Village, pp. 77-98. In A. Cohill and A. Kavanaugh (Eds.) Community Networks: Lessons from Blacksburg, Virginia. Revised edition. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

Kavanaugh, A. 1999. Telecommunications in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, pp. 13-38. In Eli Noam (ed.), Telecommunications in Africa, New York: Oxford University Press.

Kavanaugh, A. and Cohill, A.1997. Conducting Business in a Networked Community, pp. 149-158. In A. Cohill, and A. Kavanaugh (Eds.) Community Networks: Lessons from Blacksburg, Virginia. First edition. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

Ehrich, R. and A. Kavanaugh. 1997. Managing the Evolution of a Virtual School, pp. 89-116. In A. Cohill and A. Kavanaugh (Eds.) Community Networks: Lessons from Blacksburg, Virginia. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

Kavanaugh, A. 1994. Institutional Autonomy and Telecommunications Development in North Africa, pp. 83-112. In Clement Henry Moore (Ed). Maghreb et Maitrise Technologique, Tunis: University of Tunis.

Cowlan, B. and Kavanaugh, A. 1984. Methods of Distribution. In Robert Hilliard (Ed.) Television and Adult Education. Cambridge, MA: Halfred Schenkman Publishers.

 Workshop White Papers, Extended Abstracts and Tutorials (refereed)

Vlachokyriaskos, V., Comber, R., Crivellaro, C., Taylor, N., Kuznetsov, S., Kavanaugh, A., LeDantec, C. and Kim, B. J. (co-organizers), 2015. Workshop on Designing Alternative Systems for Local Communities. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2015), (pp. 2333-36), Seoul, Korea (April 18-19, 2015), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Luther, K., Kavanaugh, A., and Horning, M., “Supporting Local News Sharing with Mobile Crowdsourcing and Large Display Technologies”. White paper for CSCW 2015 pre-conference Workshop: Information Technology and City Life, ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 2015, Vancouver, Canada, March 14-15, 2015.

Yang, S., H. Chung, X. Lin, S. Lee, L. Chen, A. Wood, A. Kavanaugh, S. D. Sheetz, D. J. Shoemaker, and E. A. Fox. (2013). “PhaseVis: What, When, Where, and Who in Visualizing the Four Phases of Emergency Management Through the Lens of Social Media” (Work in Progress). In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2013), Baden-Baden, Germany (May 13-15, 2013).

Perez-Quinones, M., Kavanaugh, A., and Ahuja, A. (2012) “Designing for Civic Participation: The Virtual Town Square” CHI Workshop on Social Media for Change, International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2012), Paris, France (April 27, 2013).

Kavanaugh, A. 2012. The Arc of Social Computing. HCI Consortium (HCIC) Workshop, Pacific Grove, CA, June 25-29, 2012.

Kavanaugh, A., Yang, S., Sheetz, S., Li, L. T., Fox, E. Microblogging in Crisis Situations: Mass protests in Iran, Tunisia, Egypt. White Paper for Workshop on Transnational HCI, ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2011), Vancouver, Canada, May 7-12, 2011.

Hanrahan, B., S. Ahuja, M. A. Pérez-Quiñones, and Kavanaugh, A. “Evaluating software for communities using social affordances”. In Proceedings of the 2011 Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Extended Abstracts – CHI EA ’11, Vancouver, BC, Canada, New York, NY, USA, ACM Press, pp. 1621-1626, 2011.

Yang, S. and Kavanaugh, A. 2011. Tutorial: Collecting, analyzing and visualizing tweets using open source tools. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times (dg.o ’11), June 12-15. University of Maryland, College Park, MD. ACM Press, New York, NY, 374-375.

Murthy, U., Li, L. T., and Kavanaugh, A. 2011. What if anyone in the world can be a participant in your user study? In Proceedings of Grace Hopper Celebration of Women In Computing (GHC 2011), 9-12 Nov., Portland, OR, 2011.

Ahuja, S., Kim, B.J., Kavanaugh, A., Perez-Quinones, M. Tauro, C. 2008. Web 2.0 for Local Action Groups: A case study of Citizens First for Blacksburg. The Practical Design for Social Action (PRaDSA) Workshop: Designing for the 21st Century, London, UK, March 11-12, 2008.

Ahuja, S., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Kavanaugh, A., Tauro, C., Kim, B.J. 2008. Colloki: Rethinking local conversations on the web. Exploratory paper for Directions in Advanced Computing/Online Deliberation conference, (June 26-29, 2008, Berkeley, CA).

Kavanaugh, A., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Tedesco, J., and Sanders, W. 2007. Participation on the Town Square in the Era of Web 2.0. White paper prepared for Workshop on Analyzing eParticipation in User Contributions, 7th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference, May 20-23, 2007, Philadelphia, PA.

Pérez-Quiñones, M., Kavanaugh, A., Tedesco, J. and Sanders, W. 2007. Designing Social Software for Political Participation by Young Adults. White paper prepared for Workshop on Public Practices, Social Software: Examining social practices in networked publics. Presented at the Third International Conference on Communities and Technologies, East Lansing, MI, June 28-30, 2007.

 Panels, Presentations, Posters and Demonstrations (refereed and/or invited)

Kavanaugh, A. 2018. Panel on Challenges to Government Use of Social Media. In Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2018) Delft, The Netherlands (May 30-June 1, 2018), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Kavanaugh, A. 2016. Panel on Ten Years of Digital Government Research: Reflections and Predictions. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2016) Shanghai, China (June 8-10, 2016), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Williams, C., Fedorowicz, J., Haughton, D., Kavanaugh, A., Mentzer, K., Thatcher, J. and Xu, J. (2015) “Use and Impact of Social Media in Community Policing,” (Poster) 43rd Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (TPRC), Arlington, VA, September 25-27, 2015 (Best Poster Award).

Price, H., Pérez-Quiñones, M. and Kavanaugh, A. (2014) “Going Social: Improving Navigation in the Virtual Town Square” (Poster), Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing Conference (Tapia 2014), Seattle, WA, February 5-8, 2014.

Burgos-Guntin, R., Pérez-Quiñones, M. and Kavanaugh, A. (2014) “Visualization Development for the Virtual Town Square” (Poster), Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing Conference (Tapia 2014), Seattle, WA, February 5-8, 2014.

Sheetz, S., Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E., Elmongui, H., Hassan, R., Yang, S., Magdy, M., Shoemaker, D. Information Uses and Gratifications in Crisis: Student Perceptions since the Egyptian Uprising (Poster). In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, May 18-21, 2014.

Kavanaugh, A. 2012. Panel on Social Media Use and Government, with John Bertot, Tracy Viselli and Paul Jaeger. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual International ACM Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2012), College Park, MD (June 4-7, 2012).

Li, L.T., Yang, S., Kavanaugh, A. Fox, E., Sheetz, S., Shoemaker, D., Whalen, T. and Srinivasan, V. 2011. Twitter use during an emergency event: The case of the UT Austin shooting. Poster in Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times (dg.o ’11), June 12-15. University of Maryland, College Park, MD. ACM, New York, NY, 335-336.

Sheetz, S., Fox, E. A., Fitzgerald, A., Palmer, S., Shoemaker, D., Kavanaugh, A. 2011. Why Students Use Social Networking Sites After Crisis Situations. Poster in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), Lisbon, Portugal, May 8-11, 2011.

Kavanaugh, A. 2011. First Wired Town: Fifteen Years Later. Panelist with Phil Buehler and Reven Wurman, 140 Character Conference, New York, New York, (June 15-16, 2011).

Li, L.T., Yang, S., Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E., Sheetz, S. Shoemaker, D. 2011. Twitter Use during an Emergency: The UT Austin Shooting Case (Poster). In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2011), pp. 335-36, College Park, MD (June 12-15, 2011).

Yang, S., Kavanaugh, A., Kozievitch, N., Li, L.T., Srinivasan, V., Sheetz, S., Whalen, T, Shoemaker, D., Torres, R.S., and Fox, E. A. 2011. CTRnet Digital Library for Disaster Information Services (Poster). In Proceedings of the 11th Annual International ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL ‘11), Ottawa, Canada (June 13-17, 2011). ACM Press, New York, NY, 437-438.

Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E., Sheetz, S., Yang, S., Li, L.T., Whalen, T., Nastev, A., Xie, L., Shoemaker, D. Social Media for Cities, Counties and Communities. Invited talk for Communicating Disaster Inaugural Conference, Bielefeld, Germany (January 12-15, 2011).

Kavanaugh, A. 2011. Evaluating the Outcome of Online Engagement. Panel on “What is the Value of Open Government?” for Workshop on Digital Government, hosted by The Brookings Institution and the Digital Government Society of North America, Washington, DC, April 25, 2011.

Kavanaugh, A. 2010, Digital Government in the Blacksburg Electronic Village 1993-2010, Virginia Tech Computer Science Seminar Series, Blacksburg, VA, (September 17, 2010).

Kavanaugh, A. 2010. Panel: Open Government at the Local Level: The Case of Blacksburg, Virginia. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2010), Puebla, Mexico (May 17-20, 2010), ACM Press, New York, NY.

Fox, E., Ramakrishnan, N., Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Shoemaker, D. and Srinivasan, V. 2009, Digital Library Support for Crisis, Tragedy and Recovery (CTRNet); Poster Outreach NOW Symposium: Celebrating Progress in the Internationalization of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (September 14, 2009). Received best poster award for Engagement.

Kavanaugh, A., Pérez-Quiñones, M., Tedesco, J. and Sanders, W. 2009. Local Conversations 2.0: The Use of Social Media on the Town Square, Panel for Workshop on Social Media and Government: Sharing Cutting-edge Practice and Research, hosted by US General Services Administration and Digital Government Society of North America, Washington, DC (December 15-16, 2009).

Murphy, U., Fox, E., Ramakrishnan, N., Kavanaugh, A., Sheetz, S., Shoemaker, D. and Srinivasan, V. 2009, Building an Ontology for a Crisis, Tragedy, and Recovery Network, poster presented at the 8th Networked Knowledge Organization Systems and Services Workshop, Corfu, Greece (October 1, 2009).

Kavanaugh, A. and Ahuja, S. 2008, Participatory Design Strategies Engaging Students and Community Partners in Human-Computer Interaction (Featured presentation). Outreach NOW, Virginia Tech Outreach Symposium, Blacksburg, VA (September 10, 2008).

Pérez-Quiñones, M., Kavanaugh, A., Isenhour, P., Murthy, U., Godara, J., Lee, S. and Fabian, A. 2007, Vizblog: A discovery tool for the blogsphere. (Poster and system demonstration). In Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research (dg.o 2007), pp. 314-315, Philadelphia, PA (May 20-23, 2007).

Lombay, J., Pérez-Quiñones, M., and Kavanaugh, A., 2007, Social Software for Government: Next Steps to Improve Community Participation. Poster for the ACM Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing conference (TAPIA 2007), Orlando, Florida (October 13-16, 2007), New York, NY: ACM Press.

Kavanaugh, A. 2005, “Community Development in the Information Society,” International Telecommunications Society regional conference, Invited plenary session, (Ponteverde, Spain, July 20-22, 2005).

Kavanaugh, A. 2004, “Models for Community Networking in Developing Countries” National Science Foundation Workshop on ICT for Development, Dakka, Bangladesh (May 23-26, 2004).

Kavanaugh, A. 2003, “Modeling Diffusion of Computer Networking in North Africa” International Telecommunications Society regional conference, Perth, Australia (June 22-24, 2003).

Kavanaugh, A. and Schmitz, J. 2002, “What Difference does Community Networking Make? A Comparative Case Study.” Community and Technology Panel, National Communication Association, New Orleans (November 21-23, 2002).

Kavanaugh, A. 2001, Community Computer Networks: Best Practice and Lessons Learned, Panel presentation at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA (May 23-24, 2001).

Kavanaugh, A. 2001. Community Computer Networking and Development Communication (World Bank workshop with Everett Rogers), sponsored by the Office of Development Communication, The World Bank, Washington, DC (December 6, 2001).

Kavanaugh, A. 2001, The Use and Social Impact of Information Technology on the Non-Profit and Public Sectors: Comparative case study of community computer networks. US Department of Commerce, Networks for People Conference, (Washington, DC, December 6-7, 2001).

Kavanaugh, A. 1999, “Education via Wireless Internet: the role of satellite communications” for the NGO conference in conjunction with the Third United Nations conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE 99), Vienna, Austria (July 19-30, 1999).

Kavanaugh, A. 1997, “The Use and Impact of the Internet among Businesses in a Networked Community.” Wireless Communications Conference, sponsored by the VT Center for Wireless Technology (Roanoke, VA, October 23, 1997).

Kavanaugh, A. 1996, “Social Capital in Community Networks: Preliminary Evidence” presentation at the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (Cleveland, OH, December 15-18, 1996).

Huff, S., Brennan, P., Kavanaugh, A., and Bikson, Tora. 1996. “Panel: Electronic Communities: Community Attachment and Involvement in a Wired Society” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), (Cleveland, OH, December 15-18, 1996), 507-508.

Kavanaugh, A. 1994. “The Role of Institutional Autonomy in Telecommunications Sector Development: A Comparative Case Study” (in French) In Clement Henry Moore, Editor, Maghreb et Maitrise Technologiques: Enjeux et Perspectives, Tunisian Center for North African Studies (Centre d’Etudes Maghrebines de Tunis), Tunis: Tunisia.

Kavanaugh, A. 1983. “The Use of Satellites for International Education,” presentation for Annual Congress of the International Aeronautical Federation (Budapest, Hungary, October 19, 1983).

Kavanaugh, A. 1982. “Outer Space and Environmental Studies: A Model for Internationalizing Education via Satellite” presented at NGO conference in association with the United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE 82), Vienna, Austria (August 5-8, 1982).

 Invited Talks and Invitation-only Roundtables

Invited Keynote, Electronic Governance and Open Society (EGOSE 2019), November 13-14, 2019, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Plenary Panelist, Third Annual Conference of the Partnership for Progress on the Digital Divide, San Diego, CA May 24-26, 2017.

The White House, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), and the National Science Foundation (NSF), Roundtable on Building Inclusive and Smart Research Communities, March 4, 2016, Washington, DC.

National Science Foundation and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Visioning Workshop on Big Data and Disaster Management Research (potential joint US-Japan funded research program), May 23-24, 2013.

National Science Foundation and Computing Community Consortium, Visioning Workshop on Computing for Disaster Management, April 24-25, 2012, Washington, DC.

Communicating Disaster Research Group, Closing Conference on “Dealing with the Disasters of Others,” University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany (January 26-28, 2012).

White House Summit on Open Government Initiative, convened by Beth Noveck, Director, Open Government Initiative, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), February 16, 2010 (invited as representative from the Board of the Digital Government Society of North America).

NSF Grand Challenges Research Agenda Workshop: Information, Technology and Governance (hosted by NSF) Washington, DC, February 23-24, 2010.

NSF Workshops on Living in the Knowledge Society (LIKES) November 12-13, 2009, Blacksburg, VA, and February 25-26, 2010, Durham, NC.

United States-European Union Atlantis Program Conference (meeting of funded project directors and participants) October 8-11, 2008, Boston, MA, annual working meetings and workshops with collaborators and other funded project teams in US-EU Atlantis Program. Funded by US Department of Education and the European Commission.

United States-European Union Atlantis Program Conference (meeting of funded project directors and participants) October 26-28, 2007, Brussels, Belgium, annual working meetings and workshops with collaborators and other funded project teams in US-EU Atlantis Program. Funded by US Department of Education and the European Commission.

United States-European Union Atlantis Program Conference (meeting of funded project directors and participants) March 18-20, 2007, Brussels, Belgium, annual working meetings and workshops with collaborators and other funded project teams in US-EU Atlantis Program. Funded by US Department of Education and the European Commission.

Planning Retreat for Research Program on Online Communities (invitation only), sponsored by the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, April 3-5, 2005.

“Learning in Communities” Workshop, led by John M. Carroll (with support from the National Science Foundation) School of Information Sciences & Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA. August 15-17, 2005.

“IT and the States Planning Workshop” Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. July 15-16, 2004.
“The Digital Divide: Research review and recommendations” (Roundtable), Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. December 7, 2001.

“Digital Democracy” presentation for the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Workshop on “Digital Democracy: Exploring the Promise of Information Technology in Promoting Participation in the Political Process.” June 1-2, 2000.

“Data Collection on the Digital Divide” panel presentation for the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board. Workshop on “Exploring the Digital Divide: Charting the Terrain of Technology Access and Opportunity.” May 1-2, 2000.

“The Effect of Computer Networking on Families in Rural Virginia ” conference on ‘The Family and the Internet’, sponsored by the Public Policy Center of the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. May 4, 1999.

“Information Technology and Knowledge for International Development: The American Experience.” (Roundtable) The World Bank, Benton Foundation and US Department of Commerce, June 25, 1999.

“The Role of the Internet in K-12 Education Reform.” Guest Speaker Series, Speaker throughout full day workshop, Spring Branch Independent School District. Houston, Texas, February 16, 1999.

“Is Public Education in our Future?” Panel presentation with Steven Hodas, annual conference of the Public Education Network, Washington, D.C., November 16-17, 1998.

“Workable Mechanisms for Meeting Community Needs” Panel for conference on ‘Society and Information Infrastructure: The Next Generation’ sponsored by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, US Department of Commerce. December 8-9, 1998.

“The Role of Networking in Governance and Civic Engagement” invited panelist for annual conference of the American Society for Public Administration (Regions III/IV) entitled ‘Next Work: Public Administration in the 21st Century’, June 25-26, 1998.

“The Internet in North Africa and Iran.” Guest Speaker Series, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, February 13, 1998.

“Pushing the Envelope: Connecting parents, teachers and children in educational collaboration.” Guest speaker, Institute for Educational Dialogue Series, Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) of Nassau County, Long Island, NY, January 15, 1998.

“Longitudinal Trends in a Networked Community.” Faculty Seminar Series, Department of Communication Studies, VT, December 5, 1997.

Kavanaugh, A. and S. Laughon. “The Internet Style of Learning vs. Traditional Learning Styles: Findings of a National Science Foundation Study” conference of the Virginia Education Association (District 1), Abingdon, VA, October 7, 1997.

Panel Chair and Discussant, “International Perspectives on the Impact of Communication Technologies” International Communication Association, May 25, 1996.

“Evaluating the Use and Impact of Networking on K-12 Education Reform,” research presentation for National Science Foundation sponsored conference entitled “Enhancing Instruction in Science, Mathematics and Technology,” Roanoke, VA, March 11, 1996.

“Assessing Your Investment in the Internet,” luncheon address to the Virginia Municipal League, Roanoke, VA, October 21, 1996.

“Lofty Visions, Lessons Learned: The Role of Universities in Community Networking.” EDUCOM annual meeting, University of Pennsylvania, October 11-12, 1996.

“The Impact of the Telecommunication Reform Act of 1996.” Panel sponsored by the VT Center for the Study of Science in Society, Blacksburg, VA, April 2, 1996.

“The Internet in the Arab World.” US State Department conference sponsored by the Peace Corps, United States Information Service, Washington, D.C., March 2, 1996.

“Community Networking: Lessons from Experience” Virginia Tech Choices and Challenges 10th annual forum, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, Blacksburg, VA, March 30, 1995.

“The Use of Fiber Optic Technology in Education” for conference entitled “The Road to the Future: A Ninth District Telecommunications Conference” sponsored by Congressman Rick Boucher, Blacksburg, VA, July 18, 1994.

“Improved Techniques for Information Use and Access.” Invited presentation on the Blacksburg Electronic Village to the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., August 15, 1993.

“The Social Impact of Mass Media in Less Developed Countries,” guest lecture (in French) sponsored by the US State Department, United States Information Service. School of Journalism, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco, April 21, 1992.

“The Role of Telecommunications in Economic Development,” guest lecture (in French), sponsored by the US State Department, United States Information Service. School of Information Sciences, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco, April 23, 1992.
Professional Presentations

 Refereed Papers for Conferences (without proceedings)

Kim, B. J., Kavanaugh, A. Perez-Quinones, M. 2007. Toward a model of political participation among young adults: the role of local groups and ICT use. Presented at the International Conference on E-Government (ICEGOV 2007): Theory and practice of electronic governance. Macao, China, December 3-5, 2007.

Kavanaugh, A., B. J. Kim, Pérez-Quiñones and J. Schmitz. 2006. Net Gains in Political Participation: Secondary Effects of the Internet on Community. Presented at the Tenth Anniversary International Symposium on Information, Communication and Society, York, UK, September 20-22, 2006.

Kavanaugh, A., Isenhour, P., Godara, J., Cooper, M., Midha, A., and Randolph, W. 2005. Detecting and Facilitating Deliberation at the Local Level. Presented at the 2nd International Conference on Online Deliberation, DIAC-2005, Palo Alto, CA, May 19-22, 2005.

Kavanaugh, A. 2000. The Rise and Fall of Internet Use: Social Networks and Community Involvement. Presented at the conference of the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR), Lawrence, Kansas, September 14-17, 2000.

Kavanaugh, A. 1999. Diffusion of the Internet in North Africa and the Middle East. Presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, LA, May 27-31, 1999.

Kavanaugh, A. and S. Patterson. 1998. Building Social Capital: The Role of Community Networks. Presented at the annual conference of the National Communication Association, New York, NY, November 22-24.

Kavanaugh, A. 1995. The Social Control of Information Technology in North Africa. Presented at the annual conference of the Middle East Studies Association, San Francisco, CA, December 7-9, 1995.

Kavanaugh, A. 1995. Who’s Driving? The Information Highway in North Africa. Presented (in French) at the Tunisian Association of Communication conference on ‘Information Infrastructure in Africa’, Tunis, Tunisia, March 15-18, 1995.

Kavanaugh, A. 1991. A Resource Dependence Model of Telecommunications Decision Making in Less Developed Countries. North African Studies Conference, London, UK, October 22, 1991.

Kavanaugh, A. 1985. Arab Satellite System: Network Design Toward Cultural Convergence? Middle East Studies Association, Los Angeles, CA, November 1985.

 Refereed Abstracts with subsequent conference papers (no proceedings)

Kavanaugh, A., (with Sheetz, S., Skandrani, H., Tedesco, J. and Fox, E). 2016. The Impact of Information Sources on Political Information Efficacy in Tunisia: A Case Study of the 2014 Elections. 50th Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association (MESA 2016), Boston, MA, November 17-20, 2016.

Williams, C. B., Fedorowicz, J., Haughton, D., Kavanaugh, A., Mentzer, K., and Thatcher, J. B. (2015) Leveraging Social Media: The Community Policing Case, Proceedings of the 111th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, September 3-6, 2015.

Kavanaugh, A. 2008. Long-term Sustainability of Tele-Centers: Comparing Model Cases. Presented at the International Telecommunications Society (ITS) Biennial Conference, Montreal, June 24-26, 2008.

Kavanaugh, A. Reese, D.D., and Pérez-Quiñones, M. 2007. Mobile Telephony Infrastructure and Devices: Affordable access and informal learning for low literacy groups. Presented at the 35th Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (TPRC), Arlington, VA, September 28-30, 2007.

Kavanaugh, A., Zin, T.T., Pérez-Quiñones, M. and Kim, B.J. 2006. ICT Infrastructure for Citizen Interaction on Local Governance. Presented at the International Telecommunications Society (ITS) Biennial Conference, Beijing, China, June 9-12, 2006.

Kavanaugh, A. and Zin, T.T. 2005. Local Groups Online: Formal and informal participation in civil society. Presented at the 33rd Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (TPRC), Arlington, VA, September 23-25, 2005.

Randolph, W. and Kavanaugh, A. 2005. Engaging Citizens in Online Politics: Technology tools in an online community. Presented at the conference of the Association of Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Associations (ARNOVA), Washington, D.C. November 17-20, 2005.

Kavanaugh, A. 2001. Civic Engagement among Community Network Users: Trend or Phase? Presented at the 29th Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Alexandria, VA, October 26-28, 2001.

Kavanaugh, A. 1999. The Impact of Community Networking: A Social Network Analysis Approach. Presented at the 28th Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Silver Springs, MD, September 27-29, 1999.

Kavanaugh, A. 1999. The Regulation of the Internet in North Africa. 1999. Presented at the 28th Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Silver Springs, MD, September 27-29, 1999.