Exploring Bichronous Collaboration in Virtual Environments

Virtual environments (VEs) empower geographically distributed teams to collaborate on a shared project regardless of time. Existing research has separately investigated collaborations within these VEs at the same time (i.e., synchronous) or different times (i.e., asynchronous). In this work, we highlight the often-overlooked concept of bichronous collaboration and define it as the seamless integration of archived information during a real-time collaborative session. We revisit the time-space matrix of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and reclassify the time dimension as a continuum. We describe a system that empowers collaboration across the temporal states of the time continuum within a VE during remote work. We conducted a user study using the system to discover how the bichronous temporal state impacts the user experience during a collaborative inspection. Findings indicate that the bichronous temporal state is beneficial to collaborative activities for information processing, but has drawbacks such as changed interaction and positioning behaviors in the VE.

View of the collaborative virtual environment from the desktop (A&F) and the participant’s field of view (B-E). A: The cuboid-lattice inspection object. B: Recorded avatar annotation menu. C: Asynchronous collaboration with playback control interface and pink, semi-transparent avatar annotation. D: Bichronous collaboration with pink, semi-transparent avatar annotation and orange, opaque live collaborator. E: Bichronous collaboration with live collaborator and their avatar annotation. F: An example defective strand in a cell of the cuboid-lattice inspection object.

The proposed collaborative time continuum. The arrows represent the extremes of the continuum turning into the continuous range of the bichronous intermediary state.

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