Project Overview

Autonomous cyber-physical-social systems are increasingly deployed in mission-critical environments where safety, security, and reliability are essential. These systems must operate under uncertainty, adapt to dynamic conditions, and withstand intelligent adversaries while maintaining acceptable mission performance. Traditional security and control approaches, which often treat cyber, physical, and human components in isolation, are insufficient to address the tightly coupled and interdependent nature of modern autonomous systems. This project focuses on developing principled, AI-driven foundations for designing autonomous systems that remain secure, resilient, and trustworthy in contested and uncertain environments.

The research investigates uncertainty-aware decision making, adaptive defense, and mission impact assessment for autonomous systems operating under adversarial dynamics. Core technical contributions include probabilistic and game-theoretic modeling of attack–defense interactions, deep reinforcement learning-based intrusion response mechanisms, and cyber deception strategies that proactively reduce adversary effectiveness. These techniques are integrated with mission-level reasoning frameworks that capture interdependencies across cyber, physical, and social components, enabling the system to reason about cascading effects and trade-offs between security, performance, and mission objectives.

A central emphasis of this work is human-machine teaming, where autonomous agents and human operators collaborate through shared situational awareness and explainable decision support. By incorporating human feedback, uncertainty visualization, and adaptive autonomy, the project aims to improve operator trust and decision quality during time-critical missions. The proposed approaches are evaluated using realistic simulation environments and cyber-physical testbeds, with applications spanning autonomous vehicles, tactical networks, and mission-critical infrastructure. Overall, this research advances the foundations of trustworthy autonomy by unifying AI, cybersecurity, and human-centered system design.

Research Projects

Topic 1: Mission Assurance Under Uncertainty and Adversarial Dynamics

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1. iMIA: Assessing Mission Risk in Uncertain, Interdependent AI Systems
H. J. Yoon, S. Matsumoto, J. F. Ferrari, D. H. Lee, M. K. Ahn, P. Costa, J. H. Cho
Accepted to ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST), Apr./Sep. 2025.

2. Subjective Bayesian Network-based Interdependent Mission Impact Assessment with Game-Theoretic Attack–Defense Interactions
H. J. Yoon, A. Thukkaraju, S. Matsumoto, J. F. Ferrari, D. H. Lee, M. K. Ahn, P. Costa, J. H. Cho
IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2025.

3. Interdependent Mission Impact
Assessment of an IoT System with Hypergame-Theoretic Attack–Defense Behavior Modeling
A. R. Thukkaraju, H. J. Yoon, S. Matsumoto, J. F. Ferrari, D. Lee, M. K. Ahn, P. Costa, J. H. Cho
MASCOTS 2023.

4. Software-Friendly Subjective Bayesian Networks: Reasoning within a Software-Centric Mission Impact Assessment Framework
S. Matsumoto, J. F. Ferrari, H. J. Yoon, A. R. Thukkaraju, D. Lee, M. K. Ahn, J. H. Cho, P. Costa
IEEE FUSION 2023.

5. Towards Efficient Simulation-Based Anytime Inference in Subjective Bayesian Networks
H. J. Yoon, S. Matsumoto, P. Costa, J. H. Cho
IEEE FUSION 2024.

6. iMIA: Interdependent Mission Impact Assessment Using Subjective Bayesian Networks
H. J. Yoon, A. R. Thukkaraju, S. Matsumoto, J. F. Ferrari, D. Lee, M. K. Ahn, P. Costa, J. H. Cho
IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), 2024.

7. Interdependent Mission Impact Assessment of an IoT System with Hypergame-Theoretic Attack–Defense Behavior Modeling
A. R. Thukkaraju, H. J. Yoon, S. Matsumoto, J. F. Ferrari, D. Lee, M. K. Ahn, P. Costa, J. H. Cho
MASCOTS 2023.

Topic 2: AI-Driven Cyber Deception and Adaptive Defense

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1. EVADE: Efficient Moving Target Defense for Autonomous Network
Q. Zhang, J. H. Cho, T. J. Moore, D. Kim, H. Lim, F. F. Nelson
Applied Cryptography and Network Security (ACNS), Springer, June 19–22, 2023.

2. Evaluating Performance and Security of a Hybrid Moving Target Defense in SDN Environments
M. Kim, J. H. Cho, H. Lim, T. J. Moore, F. F. Nelson, R. K. L. Ko, D. Kim
IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security (QRS), 2022.

3. Performance and Security Evaluation of a Moving Target Defense Based on a Software-Defined Networking Environment
M. Kim, J. H. Cho, H. Lim, T. J. Moore, F. F. Nelson, D. Kim
IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC), 2022.

4. Cyber Deception for Mission Surveillance via Hypergame-Theoretic Deep Reinforcement Learning
Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Zhu, A. H. Anwar, C. Kamhoua, M. Singh
Revised manuscript submitted to IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC), Sept. 2025, under major revision.

5. Optimizing Effectiveness and Defense of Drone Surveillance Missions via Honey Drones
Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Zhu, A. H. Anwar, C. Kamhoua, M. Singh
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, Vol. 24, No. 4, Sept. 2024.

6. Resisting Multiple Advanced Persistent Threats via Hypergame-Theoretic Defensive Deception
Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Zhu, M. Singh, A. H. Anwar, C. Kamhoua
IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, Sept. 2023.

7. Honey Drone-based Surveillance: Strategic vs. Learning-based Defensive Deception
Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Zhu, M. Singh, A. H. Anwar, C. Kamhoua
ACM MobiHoc Workshop on the Integration between Distributed Machine Learning and the Internet of Things (AIoT), Oct. 2023.

8. Proactive Defense for Internet-of-Things: Integrating Moving Target Defense with Cyber Deception
M. Ge, J. H. Cho, D. Kim, G. Dixit, I. R. Chen
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, Vol. 22, No. 1, Feb. 2022.

9. Foureye: Defensive Deception Against Advanced Persistent Threats via Hypergame Theory
Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Zhu, M. Singh, A. H. Anwar, C. Kamhoua
IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, Vol. 19, No. 1, Mar. 2022.

10. Honeypot-based Cyber Deception Against Malicious Reconnaissance via Hypergame Theory
A. H. Anwar, M. Zhu, Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Singh, C. Kamhoua
IEEE GLOBECOM, Dec. 2022.

11. A Survey of Defensive Deception: Approaches Using Game Theory and Machine Learning
M. Zhu, A. H. Anwar, Z. Wan, J. H. Cho, M. Singh, C. Kamhoua
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 23, No. 4, Fourth Quarter 2021.

Topic 3: Autonomous, Defensive Vehicle Systems

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1. Securing End-to-End Reinforcement Learning-Driven Autonomous Driving: A Control Command Utility-based Intrusion Response System
Q. Zhang, H. J. Yoon, T. J. Moore, S. Yoon, F. Nelson, D. Kim, H. Lim, J. H. Cho
Accepted to IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles (TIV), August 2025.

2. Intrusion Response System for In-Vehicle Networks: Uncertainty-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Approach
H. J. Yoon, D. Soon, Q. Zhang, T. J. Moore, S. Yoon, H. Lim, D. Kim, F. F. Nelson, J. H. Cho
IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Washington, DC, USA, Oct. 28 – Nov. 1, 2024.

Topic 4: Autonomous and Trustworthy Human-Machine Teaming Systems

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1. Advancing Human-Machine Teaming: Concepts, Challenges, and Applications.”
D. Chen, H.J. Yoon, Z. Wan, N. Alluru, S.W. Lee, R. He, T.J. Moore, F.F. Nelson, S Yoon, H. Lim, D. Kim, J. H. Cho
arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16518 (2025).
2. DASH: Deception-Augmented Shared Mental Model for a Human-Machine Teaming System
Z. Wan, N. Alluru, T. J. Moore, F. F. Nelson, S. Yoon, H. Lim, D. Kim, J. H. Cho
arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.18616 (2025).

Meet Our Team

Principal Investigator

Jin-Hee Cho

Graduate Students

Dawood Wasif

(current)

Google scholar

Han Jun Yoon

(graduated in 2025)

Google scholar

Zan Welin

(graduated in 2025)

Google scholar

Qisheng Zhang

(graduated in 2023)

Google scholar

Undergraduate Students

Arin Sobhani

(CS, Fall 2025 – current), VICEROY scholar

Sagar Chauhan

(Fall 2024), Volunteer

Raj Kashikar

(Fall 2024), VICEROY scholar

Nithin Alluru

(Fall 2023 – Fall 2024), VICEROY scholar

David Soon

(Aug. 2023 – May 2024), VICEROY scholar

Project Sponsors

  1. Intrusion Response Systems for Autonomous Vehicles with Human-Machine Teaming
    • Funder: US Army Research Office (ARO)
    • Project Period: 10/01/2024 – 09/31/2027
  2. Trustworthy Services for Autonomous Mission Computing Systems
    • Funder: Commonwealth Cyber Initiative (CCI)
    • Project Period: 06/01/2023 – 12/31/2024
  3. Uncertainty-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Defense for Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems
    • Funder: US Army Research Office (ARO)
    • Project Period: 05/01/2021 – 04/30/2024
  4. Foureye: Cyber Defensive Deception based on Hypergame Theory for Tactical Networks
    • Funder: Army Research Office (ARO)
    • Project Period: 05/2020 – 04/2023
  5. DALNIM: Dependency-based Assessment of Litigious Network events Impacting the Mission
    • Funder: Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Republic of Korea
    • Project Period: 05/01/2022 – 04/30/2023
  6. Cybersecurity Research and Advanced Training of ROTC Students (CREATORS)
    • Funder: The Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (OUSD(R&E)), through the Virtual Institutes for Cyber and Electromagnetic Spectrum Research and Employ (VICEROY) program via The Griffiss Institute
    • Project Period: 03/2022 – 08/2026