{"id":1059,"date":"2020-02-12T08:00:53","date_gmt":"2020-02-12T08:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev.leonardopavanatto.com\/3di\/?p=1059"},"modified":"2023-11-07T09:03:07","modified_gmt":"2023-11-07T14:03:07","slug":"ar-interface-classification","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/2020\/02\/12\/ar-interface-classification\/","title":{"rendered":"AR Interface Classification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Current augmented reality (AR) systems are limited to a single visible application at any given time. However, to become versatile general computing devices, AR systems must also support continuous access to a wide variety of content. All-day AR users will want to view the time, check their calendar, read their email and social media feeds, browse the web, and check the weather without the need to close and open applications each time. We believe this multi-tasking consumption of information, be it in the form of text, 2D imagery, or 3D content, will become the primary mode of use of future wearable AR devices.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Classification of AR Interfaces: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We suggest that AR interfaces can be classified using the following criteria:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Accessibility<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temporary interfaces are accessible upon activating a specific trigger. This trigger can be in the form of an action (glancing, summoning, etc.) performed by the user or the occurrence of a change in the state of the system (notification). Persistent interfaces are always accessible to the user, needless of any actions or triggers. Heads-up display interfaces in which the digital content resides at the edge of the user\u2019s field of view and are always visible as an example of such interfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Number of Tasks<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Single-task interfaces are those in which the user is immersed. Such interfaces are not necessarily virtual environments, but the user solely interacts with them and not any other virtual or RW content. Multi-tasking interfaces are used and interacted, simultaneously, with other cooperative XR interfaces or RW tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Level of Focus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Primary interfaces present the user\u2019s primary task and central focus. Such interfaces interpret all user interactions as inputs. Secondary interfaces are available for access while the user is performing another primary task.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Level of Information Detail<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Concise interfaces eliminate details and provide a to-the-point presentation of data to decrease the required time and focus for grasping information. Verbose interfaces present thorough and detailed information while requiring more of the user\u2019s time and focus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Placement<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">World-fixed interfaces are placed in a fixed position relative to the real world [35]. They can be fixed to an object and move with that object, or fixed to a global location. User-fixed interfaces are placed relative to the user and follow them [35]. Such interfaces can be body-fixed and follow the user while maintaining a fixed orientation, or they can be head-fixed and follow the user\u2019s position and head orientation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Defining Glanceable AR Interfaces: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the classification above, we define Glanceable AR interfaces as secondary, concise, and multi-tasking AR interfaces that are user-fixed and temporary. In other words, Glanceable AR interfaces present information\/content designed to be accessed and understood with a glance while performing another primary task either in the real world or with virtual content. Many such information display interfaces can be available at once (different \u201dapps\u201d), and they follow the user to be available at any time and place. Using a Glanceable AR interface is analogous to using a smartwatch to quickly check information such as time, date, weather, or upcoming calendar events while doing some other primary task.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"teachpress_pub_list\"><form name=\"tppublistform\" method=\"get\"><a name=\"tppubs\" id=\"tppubs\"><\/a><\/form><div class=\"teachpress_publication_list\"><h3 class=\"tp_h3\" id=\"tp_h3_conference\">Conferences<\/h3><div class=\"tp_publication tp_publication_conference\"><div class=\"tp_pub_info\"><p class=\"tp_pub_author\">Shakiba Davari; Feiyu Lu; Doug A Bowman<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_title\"><a class=\"tp_title_link\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_links')\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Occlusion Management Techniques for Everyday Glanceable AR Interfaces<\/a> <span class=\"tp_pub_type tp_  conference\">Conference<\/span> <\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_additional\"><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_booktitle\">2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_organization\">IEEE <\/span><span class=\"tp_pub_additional_year\">2020<\/span>.<\/p><p class=\"tp_pub_menu\"><span class=\"tp_abstract_link\"><a id=\"tp_abstract_sh_1\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_abstract')\" title=\"Show abstract\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Abstract<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_resource_link\"><a id=\"tp_links_sh_1\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_links')\" title=\"Show links and resources\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">Links<\/a><\/span> | <span class=\"tp_bibtex_link\"><a id=\"tp_bibtex_sh_1\" class=\"tp_show\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_bibtex')\" title=\"Show BibTeX entry\" style=\"cursor:pointer;\">BibTeX<\/a><\/span><\/p><div class=\"tp_bibtex\" id=\"tp_bibtex_1\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_bibtex_entry\"><pre>@conference{davari2020occlusion,<br \/>\r\ntitle = {Occlusion Management Techniques for Everyday Glanceable AR Interfaces},<br \/>\r\nauthor = {Shakiba Davari and Feiyu Lu and Doug A Bowman},<br \/>\r\ndoi = {10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00072},<br \/>\r\nyear  = {2020},<br \/>\r\ndate = {2020-01-01},<br \/>\r\nbooktitle = {2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)},<br \/>\r\npages = {324--330},<br \/>\r\norganization = {IEEE},<br \/>\r\nabstract = {To maintain safety and awareness of the real world while using head-worn AR glasses, it is essential for the system to manage occlusions involving virtual content that blocks the user\u2019s view of the real world. We study this issue in the context of Glanceable AR interfaces, which involve presenting virtual information that the user can quickly access as a secondary task while performing other tasks in the real or virtual worlds. We propose eight different techniques to resolve these occlusions. The techniques differ in their content prioritization, automation level, and adaptation mechanism for resolving occlusion. We designed an experiment to understand the user experience with the techniques in a scenario that required both awareness of the real world and information access with the digital content. We measured task performance and user preference. The results show that techniques that prioritize real world viewing and those that automatically resolve occlusions result in better task performance. These techniques are also preferred by users, particularly when translucency is used to resolve occlusions. Despite the ease of information access, techniques that prioritize viewing of the virtual content were seen as less desirable by participants.},<br \/>\r\nkeywords = {},<br \/>\r\npubstate = {published},<br \/>\r\ntppubtype = {conference}<br \/>\r\n}<br \/>\r\n<\/pre><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_bibtex')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_abstract\" id=\"tp_abstract_1\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_abstract_entry\">To maintain safety and awareness of the real world while using head-worn AR glasses, it is essential for the system to manage occlusions involving virtual content that blocks the user\u2019s view of the real world. We study this issue in the context of Glanceable AR interfaces, which involve presenting virtual information that the user can quickly access as a secondary task while performing other tasks in the real or virtual worlds. We propose eight different techniques to resolve these occlusions. The techniques differ in their content prioritization, automation level, and adaptation mechanism for resolving occlusion. We designed an experiment to understand the user experience with the techniques in a scenario that required both awareness of the real world and information access with the digital content. We measured task performance and user preference. The results show that techniques that prioritize real world viewing and those that automatically resolve occlusions result in better task performance. These techniques are also preferred by users, particularly when translucency is used to resolve occlusions. Despite the ease of information access, techniques that prioritize viewing of the virtual content were seen as less desirable by participants.<\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_abstract')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tp_links\" id=\"tp_links_1\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"tp_links_entry\"><ul class=\"tp_pub_list\"><li><i class=\"ai ai-doi\"><\/i><a class=\"tp_pub_list\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00072\" title=\"Follow DOI:10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00072\" target=\"_blank\">doi:10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00072<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><p class=\"tp_close_menu\"><a class=\"tp_close\" onclick=\"teachpress_pub_showhide('1','tp_links')\">Close<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"clear:both\"><\/div>\n<h2>Sponsor<\/h2>\n<div class=\"sponsor\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/themes\/3disensational\/images\/sponsors\/google.png\" \/><\/a>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Current augmented reality (AR) systems are limited to a single visible application at any given time. However, to become versatile general computing devices, AR systems must also support continuous access to a wide variety of content. All-day AR users will want to view the time, check their calendar, read their email and social media feeds, <a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/2020\/02\/12\/ar-interface-classification\/\" class=\"more-link\">&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":254,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[24,27,44,51],"ppma_author":[400,394,411,412,391],"class_list":["post-1059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-projects","tag-ar","tag-augmented-reality","tag-glanceable-content","tag-interface-design"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","authors":[{"term_id":400,"user_id":254,"is_guest":0,"slug":"sdavari","display_name":"Shakiba Davari","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2020\/11\/sdavari.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2020\/11\/sdavari.jpg"},"author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"Davari","first_name":"Shakiba","job_title":"","description":"With a background spanning human-computer interaction (HCI), applied machine learning (ML), and UX\/UI design, my work bridges AI and design, creating frameworks and principles to address real-world challenges and deliver meaningful user experiences.\r\nDuring my Ph.D., I focused on intelligent Augmented and eXtended Reality (AR\/XR) interfaces exploring ways to make AR more adaptive and user-centered. I developed context-aware AR solutions to enhance usability, efficiency, and social interaction while addressing AR challenges such as spatial layout, occlusion, and social intrusiveness in dynamic scenarios. My dissertation provides a roadmap for integrating AI with AR design and establishes frameworks and design principles for effective AR across various contexts."},{"term_id":394,"user_id":269,"is_guest":0,"slug":"feiyulu","display_name":"Feiyu Lu","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2020\/10\/Feiyu.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2020\/10\/Feiyu.jpg"},"author_category":"","user_url":"https:\/\/ericlu.me\/","last_name":"Lu","first_name":"Feiyu","job_title":"","description":"Feiyu is a 4th-year Ph.D. candidate. His Ph.D. work centers around prototyping and evaluating unobtrusive information display and interactions in AR to assist people with their daily tasks. Specifically, he explores how to enable efficient, natural, and non-intrusive placement, acquisition, transition, and interaction with everyday AR content for future always-on AR glasses."},{"term_id":411,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"wallace-lages","display_name":"Wallace Lages","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":412,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"blair-macintyre","display_name":"Blair MacIntyre","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","job_title":"","description":""},{"term_id":391,"user_id":331,"is_guest":0,"slug":"dbowman","display_name":"Doug Bowman","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2021\/01\/professional_photo2_2019-cropped-square-smaller-scaled.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2021\/01\/professional_photo2_2019-cropped-square-smaller-scaled.jpg"},"author_category":"1","user_url":"","last_name":"Bowman","first_name":"Doug","job_title":"","description":"Doug A. Bowman is the Frank J. Maher Professor of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.vt.edu\">Computer Science<\/a> at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vt.edu\">Virginia Tech<\/a>. He is the principal investigator of the <a href=\"http:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/\">3D Interaction Group<\/a>, focusing on the topics of three-dimensional user interfaces, VR\/AR user experience, and the benefits of immersion in virtual environments.\r\n\r\nDr. Bowman is one of the co-authors of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/us\/higher-education\/program\/La-Viola-3-D-User-Interfaces-Theory-and-Practice-2nd-Edition\/PGM101825.html\">3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice<\/a>. He has served in many roles for the <a href=\"http:\/\/ieeevr.org\">IEEE Virtual Reality Conference<\/a>, including program chair, general chair, and steering committee chair. He also co-founded the IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (now part of IEEE VR). He received a CAREER award from the National Science Foundation for his work on 3D Interaction, and has been named an ACM Distinguished Scientist. He received the Technical Achievement award from the IEEE Visualization and Graphics Technical Committee in 2014 and the Career Impact Award from IEEE ISMAR in 2021.\r\n\r\nHis undergraduate degree in mathematics and computer science is from Emory University, and he received his M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from the Georgia Institute of Technology.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/people.cs.vt.edu\/~bowman\/cv.pdf\">Curriculum vitae (PDF)<\/a>"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/254"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1059"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1059\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3157,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1059\/revisions\/3157"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1059"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1059"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wordpress.cs.vt.edu\/3digroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}